Calculate LNG vaporization rate during cooling of container metal

Use of the same fluid for liquefaction startup and cooling of the metal vessel and interconnected piping that contain the cold LNG may cause the fluid temperature to increase up to the boiling point and then flash into the vapor phase. During the flow of cold LNG into the system, the metal temperature gradually decreases to the fluid temperature. When the fluid and metal are in thermal equilibrium, the fluid and metal temperatures are assumed to be the same. The heat transfer rate between the metal and fluid varies over time. Initially, the heat transfer rate is at maximum, which results in the greatest vaporization rate.1 Calculating LNG vessel/piping metal temperature. The metal temperatu